✅ 1. Organisational Culture

Definition:

Culture is the cumulative preference of some states of life and some organized ways of dealing with basic concerns by members of a society.

Organisational culture is the system of shared values, beliefs, norms, and practices that shape how members of an organization interact and work together. It acts as the organization’s personality and influences decision-making, communication, and overall behavior.

Key Features:

• Provides a shared identity among employees.

• Distinguishes the organization from others.

• Influences motivation, job satisfaction, and performance.

• Can be strong (widely shared and deeply rooted) or weak (fragmented or inconsistent).

Example:
A company like Google fosters a culture of innovation, openness, and creativity. These values are embedded in how employees work and are encouraged to take risks and think big.

✅ 2. Organisational Learning

Definition:
Organisational learning is the process through which an organization acquires, develops, and transfers knowledge, with the goal of improving performance and adapting to changes in the environment.

Key Features:

• Involves individual and collective learning.

• Encourages knowledge sharing across departments.

• Often leads to innovation and continuous improvement.

• Can be formal (training programs) or informal (collaboration and feedback).

Example:
A software company that learns from customer feedback and uses that information to update its product shows effective organisational learning.

✅ 3. Organisational Supremacy

Definition:
Organisational supremacy is not a standard term in academic or professional organizational theory. However, it might be interpreted to mean an organization’s dominance or superiority in its industry or sector due to superior performance, strategy, or innovation.

Possible Features (interpretative):

• Market leadership or competitive advantage.

• High brand recognition or customer loyalty.

• Superior financial or operational performance.

Example (interpretive):
Apple’s consistent market leadership in the premium smartphone category could be seen as a form of organisational supremacy.

✅ 4. Organisational Cohesiveness

Definition:
Organisational cohesiveness refers to the degree of unity, trust, and collaboration among members of a team or organization. High cohesiveness typically leads to stronger teamwork and job satisfaction.

Key Features:

• Encourages collaboration and communication.

• Reduces internal conflict.

• Can lead to increased morale and productivity.

• Too much cohesiveness, however, can result in “groupthink.”

Example:
A sports team where members trust each other, work towards shared goals, and support one another under pressure shows strong organisational cohesiveness.