📉 International Trade – Dumping and Anti-Dumping Practices

✅ These are considered unfair trade practice and is often challenged under anti-dumping laws in international trade.

🔹 Persistent Dumping:
Refers to continuous selling of products in foreign markets at lower prices than in the home market,
but not necessarily below cost and not to eliminate competitors.

🔹 Reverse Dumping:
Involves selling at higher prices in foreign markets than in the domestic market — opposite of dumping.

🔹 Sporadic Dumping:
Occasional or one-time selling of excess inventory at low prices in foreign markets,
usually to dispose of surplus, not to harm competition.

🔹 Predatory Dumping

Predatory dumping occurs when a company sells goods in a foreign market at a loss (below cost) with the strategic intent to:

• Gain market share quickly

• Drive out local competitors

• Create a monopoly or dominant position, and later raise prices