🔁 Substitute Goods
Definition:
Substitute goods are products that can be used in place of one another to satisfy the same need. When the price of one increases, consumers may switch to the other.
Examples:
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Tea and coffee
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Butter and margarine
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Pepsi and Coca-Cola
Elasticity Type: Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand (CPED)
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Positive CPED: If the price of Good A increases, the demand for Good B increases (because consumers shift to the substitute).
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The more closely related the substitutes, the higher the positive elasticity.
🔗 Complementary Goods
Definition:
Complementary goods are products that are used together. An increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in demand for the other.
Examples:
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Printers and ink cartridges
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Cars and fuel
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Mobile phones and mobile apps/subscriptions
Elasticity Type: Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand (CPED)
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Negative CPED: If the price of Good A increases, the demand for Good B decreases, because they are consumed jointly.
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The stronger the complementarity, the more negative the elasticity.