✅ Correct Answer: A, B, C, E only

✅ Explanation:
Organizational stressors are factors within the workplace that cause stress among employees. Here’s how each option applies:

• A. Task demands: These are the demands related to the nature and complexity of the tasks an employee has to perform. High workload, time pressure, and job complexity can create stress.

• B. Role demands: These are stressors related to an employee’s role in the organization, including role ambiguity (unclear expectations) and role conflict (conflicting demands from different roles).

• C. Interpersonal demands: These stressors arise from the social environment at work, including conflicts with coworkers, supervisors, or teams.

• E. Structure of the organization: The way an organization is structured, including hierarchy, communication patterns, and decision-making processes, can also be a source of stress, especially if the structure is rigid or unclear.

❌ Why the other option is incorrect:

• D. Type A personality: While Type A personality (which is characterized by impatience, competitiveness, and urgency) can contribute to stress, it is not an organizational stressor. It’s an individual characteristic, not an organizational factor.

✅ Final Answer: A, B, C, E only

✅ Correct Answer: Prioritization of employee happiness and well-being.

✅ Explanation: The passage clearly states that post-pandemic, many organizations reassessed their priorities and shifted towards prioritizing employee happiness and overall well-being. This change in leadership perspective was a response to evolving employee needs and the importance of maintaining a healthy work-life balance.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Focus on increasing work hours: The passage does not mention an increase in work hours as part of the post-pandemic shift. Instead, it emphasizes prioritizing employee well-being and a balanced work-life equation.

• Emphasis on strict performance metrics: The passage does not mention an emphasis on strict performance metrics; rather, it focuses on fostering a supportive and inclusive work culture.

• Promotion of hierarchical structures: The passage does not mention a shift towards hierarchical structures. In fact, it discusses the need for agility, innovation, and resilience, which often require more flexible, less hierarchical structures.

✅ Final Answer: Prioritization of employee happiness and well-being.

✅ Correct Answer: By instilling agility and innovation.

✅ Explanation: According to the passage, organizations in the fast-moving startup ecosystem need to reshape their work culture by instilling qualities such as agility, an innovative-focused mindset, and resilience. This is essential because startup environments require flexibility and adaptability to succeed in a competitive and resource-limited market.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• By emphasizing tradition and stability: This contradicts the need for agility and innovation highlighted in the passage. Startups typically require flexibility rather than sticking to traditional ways.

• By promoting strict hierarchy: The passage does not mention promoting hierarchy. In fact, the focus is on adapting to change, which usually involves more flexibility rather than rigid hierarchies.

• By increasing job insecurities: The passage discusses the rise of job insecurities but emphasizes that organizations should focus on employee well-being and work-life balance, not increase insecurities.

✅ Final Answer: By instilling agility and innovation.

✅ Correct Answer: Increases the mean by 12.

📘 Explanation:

• Mean: If each value in a dataset is increased by a constant (12 in this case), the mean also increases by the same constant.

  New Mean  = Old Mean + 12

• Standard Deviation (SD): Standard deviation measures the spread or dispersion of data points. Adding a constant to each value does not change the spread, so the SD remains unchanged.

• Coefficient of Variation (CV): CV is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean.

  CV = ( SD / Mean ) × 100

  Since the standard deviation remains the same while the mean increases, the CV actually decreases, not increases or remains the same.

✅ Final Answer: Increases the mean by 12.

✅ Correct Answer: A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

✅ Explanation: Here’s how the actions from List – I align with the clusters in List – II:

• A. Complying with safety, health, and security regulations – This action relates to Cluster III (Becoming a dependable organizational citizen). By complying with safety and security regulations, employees demonstrate their responsibility and commitment to the organization’s well-being, which is characteristic of dependable organizational behavior.

• B. Making decisions without regard for personal gain – This corresponds to Cluster I (Doing anything improper that will harm the organization). This emphasizes integrity and putting the organization’s interests ahead of personal gains, which ensures that employees act ethically and avoid any actions that might harm the organization.

• C. Conveying true claims in product advertisements – This aligns with Cluster IV (Being good to customer), as truthful advertising is about maintaining transparency and fostering trust with customers, demonstrating honesty and respect toward them.

• D. Providing products and services of the highest quality – This corresponds to Cluster II (Customer centric), as high-quality products and services are central to meeting customer needs and ensuring customer satisfaction.

✅ Final Answer: A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

✅ Correct Answer: A, B, C only

✅ Explanation:
The Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 classifies enterprises into three main categories based on their investment in plant and machinery (for manufacturing) or investment in equipment (for services):

1. Micro Enterprises:

   • Manufacturing: Investment in plant and machinery does not exceed ₹1 crore.

   • Services: Investment in equipment does not exceed ₹50 lakh.

2. Small Enterprises:

   • Manufacturing: Investment in plant and machinery is between ₹1 crore and ₹10 crore.

   • Services: Investment in equipment is between ₹50 lakh and ₹2 crore.

3. Medium Enterprises:

   • Manufacturing: Investment in plant and machinery is between ₹10 crore and ₹50 crore.

   • Services: Investment in equipment is between ₹2 crore and ₹5 crore.

Tiny Enterprises and Large Enterprises are not classifications under the MSMED Act. While Tiny Enterprises were mentioned in the past in some earlier classifications, they are no longer part of the formal structure under this Act. Large Enterprises are not specifically defined within the MSMED Act either, as the focus is on the three categories above.

✅ Final Answer: A, B, C only

✅ Correct Answer: A, B, C

📘 Explanation:

A. ✅ True – The Consumer Survey Method is a direct approach where consumers are asked about their preferences and expected demand for a product in the future.

B. ✅ True – Market experiments involve testing products in a controlled environment to observe how different factors (like pricing or marketing strategies) influence demand.

C. ✅ True – The Econometric method uses statistical models to forecast demand based on historical data and economic variables.

Why the other options are incorrect: ❌

D. ❌ False – General opinion refers to public views and is not a method of demand forecasting. The method typically referred to is Expert Opinion, which involves insights from individuals with specialized knowledge.

E. ❌ False – Fluctuations less market is not a recognized method for forecasting demand.

✅ Final Answer: A, B, C

✅ Correct Answer: A, B, D, and E

📘 Explanation:

A – Future uncertainties
Future uncertainties can lead to a preference for receiving money now, as the value or availability of money might decrease in the future due to unforeseen circumstances. This aligns with time preference for money.

B – Preference for present consumption
A preference for present consumption means individuals prefer to enjoy goods or services now rather than later. This directly supports the concept of time preference for money, as individuals would prefer to have money now to consume immediately.

C – Value of money would be increased
This statement is typically not a reason for time preference for money. Generally, the value of money is expected to decrease over time due to inflation, not increase. Therefore, this option does not support the concept of time preference for money.

D – Reinvestment opportunities
Reinvestment opportunities can lead to a preference for receiving money now, as it allows for immediate investment and potential returns. This supports the concept of time preference for money.

E – Risk
Risk, similar to future uncertainties, can lead to a preference for receiving money now to avoid potential losses in the future. This aligns with time preference for money.

✅ Final Answer: A, B, D, and E

✅ Correct Answer: A, B, C.

✅ Explanation:
These three — Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Masculinity — are part of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory, which identifies key ways national cultures differ in their values and workplace behaviours. Hofstede developed this framework based on extensive research conducted across IBM employees in different countries.

• Power Distance refers to the degree to which unequal distribution of power is accepted in a culture.

• Uncertainty Avoidance reflects how comfortable a culture is with ambiguity and risk.

• Masculinity represents a culture’s preference for achievement, competition, and material success over cooperation and quality of life.

❌ Why the other option is incorrect:

• D. Participative: This is not one of Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions. While “participative” may describe a leadership or management style, it is not a recognized dimension in his model.

✅ Final Answer: A. Power distance, B. Uncertainty avoidance, C. Masculinity

✅ Correct Answer: A, C, D, E only

✅ Explanation: According to Geert Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory, societal values vary across cultures, which can make managing human resources in international or cross-cultural contexts more complex. Hofstede identified several key factors that contribute to these cultural differences:

• A. Power Distance: Refers to the degree to which less powerful members of a society accept unequal distribution of power. High power distance societies expect and accept hierarchical structures, while low power distance cultures favor equality and participative decision-making.

• C. Individualism: Measures the degree to which individuals in a society are integrated into groups. Individualistic cultures value personal freedom and individual achievement, while collectivist cultures emphasize group harmony and collective well-being.

• D. Masculinity: This dimension reflects the degree to which masculine values (e.g., competitiveness, achievement, success) dominate over feminine values (e.g., care, quality of life, and nurturing). Cultures with higher masculinity scores tend to value competitiveness and material success, while those with lower masculinity scores prioritize relationships and care.

• E. Uncertainty Avoidance: Refers to the degree to which members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. High uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer structured conditions and clear rules, while low uncertainty avoidance cultures are more relaxed and open to change and risk-taking.

❌ Why the other option is incorrect:

• B. Legal factors: While legal factors can influence business practices across countries, they are not part of Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural differences. Legal factors focus more on regulatory and legal frameworks rather than cultural values.

✅ Final Answer: A, C, D, E only

✅ Correct Answer: B, A, C, D, E

✅ Explanation: The correct chronological order of these studies/approaches relating to managing people at work is as follows:

• B. Scientific Management Approach (1880s–1920s): This was one of the earliest approaches, focusing on improving efficiency through systematic studies of work tasks. It was developed by F.W. Taylor.

• A. Human Relations Approach (1920s–1940s): This approach emerged after the Scientific Management approach and emphasized the importance of social and psychological factors in the workplace, highlighted through the Hawthorne Studies led by Elton Mayo.

• C. Behavioural Science Approach (1930s–Present): Building on the Human Relations approach, this approach integrates psychology, sociology, and other social sciences to understand behavior and motivation in the workplace. This approach emphasizes individual and group dynamics, and how these affect organizational behavior.

• D. Human Resource Development (HRD) Approach (1980s–Present): This approach focuses on the learning and development of employees and stresses the importance of career development, skills enhancement, and continuous growth within an organization.

• E. HRD Scorecard Approach (1990s–Present): This is a more recent development, focused on measuring the effectiveness and impact of HRD programs using metrics and tools to evaluate outcomes.

✅ Final Answer: B, A, C, D, E

✅ Correct Answer: Arthur H. Cole

✅ Explanation:

Arthur H. Cole is the psychologist who conducted the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) on a group of entrepreneurs. The TAT is a psychological test designed to reveal the underlying motives, concerns, and the way people view the world by having them create stories based on ambiguous pictures. In his research, Cole used the TAT to analyze the personalities and motivations of entrepreneurs.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

• Frank W. Young is not known for conducting the TAT on entrepreneurs. He worked on the concept of entrepreneurship but is not associated with this specific test.

• Mark Casson focused on the economic and decision-making aspects of entrepreneurship, particularly the role of the entrepreneur in markets and economics.

• Robert R. Blake is known for his work on managerial behavior and the Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid, which focuses on leadership styles, but not on TAT and entrepreneurship.

✅ Final Answer: Arthur H. Cole

✅Correct answer: A, B, D, E Only

✅ Explanation:

Let’s evaluate each option:

A. B.E.P. = Fixed cost / P/V Ratio ✅

• This is a correct formula when BEP is calculated in sales value (₹).

• P/V Ratio = Contribution / Sales

• So, this formula gives BEP in terms of revenue.

B. B.E.P. = Fixed cost / (1 – Variable Cost / Sale) ✅

• This is a rearranged version of the P/V ratio formula, because:

  P/V Ratio = 1 − ( Sales / Variable Cost) ​

• Hence, it is a correct formula.

C. B.E.P. = Change in profit / Change in sales ❌

• This is actually the formula for calculating the P/V Ratio, not Break Even Point:

  P/V Ratio = ΔSales / ΔProfit​

D. B.E.P. = Fixed cost / Contribution per unit ✅

• This is the standard formula for calculating BEP in units.

E. B.E.P. = Actual sale – Margin of safety ✅

• This is a derived formula based on:

  $$\text{Margin of Safety}=\text{Actual Sales }-\text{Break Even Sales}$$

• Rearranging gives:

  $$\text{Break Even Sales}=\text{Actual Sales }-\text{Margin of Safety}$$

• So this is also correct.

✅ Final Answer: A, B, D, E Only

✅ Correct Answer: Pre-conceived values

✅ Explanation:

Organizational culture is transmitted to employees through several tangible and experiential forms that help embed shared values, beliefs, and practices into daily behavior and expectations. The most common forms are:

• Stories 🗣️: Narratives about company founders, past successes or failures, or heroic employee behavior that reinforce cultural values.

• Rituals 🔁: Repetitive activities or ceremonies that express and reinforce key values (e.g., employee recognition events, weekly meetings).

• Material Symbols 🏢: Physical objects that represent organizational values, such as office layout, dress code, logos, or perks.

❌ Pre-conceived values, however, are not a mechanism of transmission. While values form part of the culture, pre-conceived values refer to beliefs formed before joining an organization — they are brought in by individuals, not a method by which the organization communicates its culture.

✅ Final Answer: Pre-conceived values.

✅ Correct Answer: A, C, B, D, E

📘 Explanation:
The steps of PEST analysis are typically carried out in a systematic order to ensure that the external environmental factors are understood and their impact on the organization is analyzed properly. The correct sequence is:

• A. Understand a category’s relevant trends – The first step is identifying the key trends in Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors that could affect the organization.

• C. Understand trends interdependencies – Next, examine how these trends are related and how they might influence each other.

• B. Distill lively issues from the identified trends – From the trends, pinpoint the most critical or pressing issues that need attention.

• D. Forecast the direction of issues – Predict how these issues may evolve or change over time.

• E. Derive implications for the organization – Finally, understand the consequences of these trends and issues for the organization and strategize accordingly.

✅ Final Answer: A, C, B, D, E

✅ Correct Answer: To transfer information overload

✅ Explanation:
Communication is a vital managerial function aimed at sharing information, aligning organizational goals, developing actionable plans, and monitoring performance. Effective communication ensures clarity, coordination, and motivation among employees. However, transferring information overload is not a valid objective of communication. Instead, information overload is a barrier that occurs when too much data is transmitted, making it difficult for recipients to process and respond effectively, which can lead to confusion, errors, and reduced productivity.

❌ Why the other options are not suitable:

• To establish and disseminate the goals of an enterprise: This is a core function of communication to ensure everyone understands and aligns with the organization’s vision and mission.

• To develop plans for their achievement: Communication is essential in planning, coordinating, and assigning tasks to achieve organizational goals.

• To control performance: Communication provides feedback and performance data that help in monitoring and managing employee output.

✅ Final Answer: To transfer information overload.

✅ Correct Answer: A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

✅ Explanation:
The traits listed in List – I correspond to the Big Five Personality Traits model, which is widely used in psychology to describe human personality. Here’s the correct matching:

• A. Extroversion → IV. The degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, assertive, and comfortable in relationships with others.

• B. Agreeableness → III. The degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

• C. Conscientiousness → II. The degree to which someone is reliable, responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement-oriented.

• D. Emotional Stability (opposite of neuroticism) → I. The degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic, secure or tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure.

✅ Final Answer: A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I.

✅ Correct Answer: A, D, E, B, C

✅ Explanation:
Here’s how these institutions and their years of establishment are ordered from the earliest to the latest:

• A. Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO): Established in 1954. It is a government body that facilitates the development of small-scale industries.

• D. National Small Scale Industries Corporation (NSIC): Established in 1955. It provides support for the growth and promotion of small and medium-sized industries.

• E. Indian Council of Small Industries (ICSI): Established in 1955. It focuses on promoting the small industry sector in India.

• B. World Association of Small and Medium Enterprises (WASME): Established in 1980. This global body advocates for the development of small and medium enterprises worldwide.

• C. Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII): Established in 1983. It is a premier institute focused on entrepreneurship education and training.

✅ Final Answer: A, D, E, B, C

✅ Correct Answer: A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

🧾 Explanation:

Here is the correct matching of Export Promotion Councils with their locations:

• A. The Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council → Mumbai (II)
  The Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council is headquartered in Mumbai.

• B. Electronics and Computer Software Export Promotion Council → New Delhi (I)
  This council is based in New Delhi.

• C. Council for Leather Exports → Chennai (IV)
  The Council for Leather Exports operates out of Chennai.

• D. The Cashew Export Promotion Council of India → Cochin (III)
  This council is located in Cochin (Kochi).

✅ Final Answer: A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

✅ Correct Answer: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

✅ Explanation:

This match aligns each type of team with its correct description:

🔹 A. Problem Solving → III
Meaning: Teams from the same department or functional area that come together to identify and resolve work-related issues or improve processes.
Example: Quality circles or improvement teams in manufacturing.

🔹 B. Self-Managed → IV
Meaning: These are formal teams where employees manage themselves without a direct supervisor. They take on full responsibility for a process, including planning, scheduling, and performance evaluation.
Example: A team of product developers working independently to deliver a new feature.

🔹 C. Cross-Functional → I
Meaning: A group made up of members from different functional departments (e.g., marketing, finance, operations) brought together to work on a specific task or project.
Example: A team formed to launch a new product involving marketing, R&D, and finance.

🔹 D. Virtual → II
Meaning: Teams where members are geographically dispersed and rely on technology (e.g., video calls, emails, collaboration tools) to work together toward a shared goal.
Example: Global customer support or remote software development teams.

✅ Final Answer: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.

✅ Correct Answer: There is no change in r but byx changes to 4byx and bxy changes to bxy/4.

📘 Explanation:

We have a dataset where:

• $r$ = Correlation coefficient
• byx​ = Regression coefficient of Y on X
• bxy​ = Regression coefficient of X on Y

Now, each value in the x-series is divided by 4. Let’s analyze the effect.

1. Effect on Correlation Coefficient (r)

• The correlation coefficient (r) is a unit-free measure of the relationship between X and Y.
• Scaling X by dividing by 4 does not affect r.

🔹 Conclusion: r′ = r

2. Effect on Regression Coefficient byx​ (Regression of Y on X)

The formula for byx​ is:

byx = [r × ​σy] / σx​​

• σx (standard deviation of X) is divided by 4, so the denominator decreases by a factor of 4.
• Since division in the denominator leads to an increase in value, byx​ is multiplied by 4.

🔹 Conclusion: byx′ ​= 4 × byx​

2. Effect on Regression Coefficient bxy​ (Regression of X on Y)

The formula for bxy​ is:

bxy = [r × σx] / σy​​

• Since σx​ is divided by 4, the numerator decreases by a factor of 4.
• This means bxy​ is divided by 4.

🔹 Conclusion: bxy′ ​= bxy​​ / 4

✅ Final Answer:

✅ Correct Answer: Innovation and resilience.

✅ Explanation: The passage highlights that organizations in India’s fast-moving startup ecosystem must instill qualities like agility, an innovative-focused mindset, and resilience in their employees to navigate challenges and succeed despite limited resources and time constraints.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Tradition and stability: The passage emphasizes the need for innovation and agility rather than relying on traditional, stable approaches, which may not be suitable for fast-moving startups.

• Consistency and predictability: While important in some contexts, the passage focuses on the need for qualities like innovation and resilience rather than consistency and predictability, which may not be as crucial in the rapidly evolving startup ecosystem.

• Hierarchy and control: The passage does not mention the need for strict hierarchy or control. Instead, it emphasizes qualities like innovation and agility, which are often associated with less rigid organizational structures.

✅ Final Answer: Innovation and resilience.

✅ Correct Answer: A, C, B, D, E

📘 Explanation:

Strategic planning typically begins with defining the mission and setting objectives to establish the purpose and goals (A).

Next, analyzing existing strategies helps understand the current position and performance (C).

Then, defining strategic issues identifies challenges and opportunities that need addressing (B).

After that, new or revised strategies are developed along with critical success factors (D).

Finally, plans are prepared and implemented to put strategies into action (E).

✅ Final Answer: A, C, B, D, E

✅ Correct Answer: SWOT Analysis

📘 Explanation:
SWOT Analysis stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. It is a framework used to evaluate both the internal factors (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external factors (Opportunities and Threats) that can impact an organization or entity. By analyzing these elements, businesses can identify areas for improvement, capitalize on opportunities, and mitigate potential threats.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• GAP Analysis: This focuses on identifying the difference between current performance and desired performance, rather than evaluating internal and external factors.

• PERT Analysis: Stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique, used primarily for project management to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a project.

• Value Chain Analysis: This looks at the activities within an organization that add value to the product or service, focusing on improving efficiency and effectiveness in those activities.

✅ Final Answer: SWOT Analysis

✅ Correct Answer: McKinsey

📘 Explanation:
The 7-S Framework for organizational change was developed by McKinsey & Company, a global management consulting firm. It was introduced by consultants Robert Waterman, Tom Peters, and Julian Phillips in the early 1980s. The framework identifies seven internal elements of an organization that must be aligned for it to be successful.

1. Strategy – The plan or direction the organization is taking to achieve its goals.

2. Structure – The way the organization is arranged, including reporting lines and hierarchical setup.

3. Systems – The processes and procedures that support the organization’s operations.

4. Shared Values – The core beliefs and culture that guide the behavior and decisions of the organization.

5. Skills – The capabilities and competencies of the employees.

6. Style – The leadership approach and how leaders interact with their teams.

7. Staff – The human resources or people who make up the organization.

This framework helps organizations to analyze and understand how these elements interrelate and how changes in one area might affect others, making it a powerful tool for managing organizational change.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Peter Drucker: While Peter Drucker made significant contributions to management theory, he did not create the 7-S Framework.

• Dale Yoder: Known for his work in human resource management, Yoder did not develop the 7-S Framework.

• Mintzberg: Henry Mintzberg is well-known for his work on organizational structures and strategy, but he did not propose the 7-S Framework.

✅ Final Answer: McKinsey

✅ Correct Answer: 3 Mean + Mode = 3 Median + Mean

📘 Explanation:

The empirical formula that describes the approximate relationship between Mean, Median, and Mode is:
Mean − Mode ≈ 3 ( Mean − Median )

Rearranged Form:
3 Mean + Mode = 3 Median + Mean

📝 Note: This formula is used for moderately skewed distributions (not highly skewed or perfectly symmetrical). It helps estimate the Mode when Mean and Median are known.

✅ Final Answer: 3 Mean + Mode = 3 Median + Mean

✅ Correct Answer: Operating activities

✅ Explanation:

In the context of the Cash Flow Statement under Ind AS 7 (Cash Flow Statement), interest received by a banking company is classified under Operating Activities.

This is because:

• For banking companies, the primary revenue-generating activity is lending money and receiving interest on loans and advances. Since interest is a direct result of their core business operations, it is classified as an operating activity.

• Operating activities include cash flows related to the company’s core business functions, such as cash received from customers and cash payments to suppliers and employees.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Financing Activities: These involve cash flows related to raising capital or repaying debt, such as issuing shares, borrowing, or repaying loans.

• Investing Activities: These include cash flows from the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets (e.g., property, equipment, or securities).

• Operating or Financing Activities: Interest received is not typically classified in both categories simultaneously, it is generally categorized as part of operating activities for a banking company.

✅ Final Answer: Operating activities

✅ Correct Answer: Unique work culture

✅ Explanation: The passage emphasizes that the true differentiator that drives the business towards success is its unique work culture. This culture is shaped by leadership, workforce, and external influences, which significantly impact the company’s success and overall performance.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Operations and functions: While operations and functions follow a similar blueprint, they are not identified as the true differentiator in the business landscape.

• Leadership skills: Although leadership plays a role, the passage highlights work culture as the primary factor for success, not just leadership skills.

• External influences: While external influences are a factor in shaping culture, they are not considered the main differentiator for business success in the passage.

✅ Final Answer: Unique work culture

✅ Correct Answer: A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

🧾 Explanation:

The conferences of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) were held at the following places:

• UNCTAD-I → Geneva (II): The first UNCTAD conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1964.

• UNCTAD-II → Delhi (I): The second conference took place in New Delhi, India, in 1968.

• UNCTAD-IV → Nairobi (IV): The fourth conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1976.

• UNCTAD-X → Bangkok (III): The tenth conference occurred in Bangkok, Thailand, in 2000.

✅ Final Answer: A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

✅ Correct Answer: B → A → C → D → E

📘 Explanation:

• (B) Set up the null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis

  • Define the Null Hypothesis (H₀) and Alternate Hypothesis (H₁) based on the problem statement.

• (A) Choose the level of significance

  • Select the significance level (α), commonly 0.05 (5%) or 0.01 (1%), which determines the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.

• (C) Select appropriate statistics

  • Decide on the statistical test (e.g., Z-test, t-test, Chi-square test, ANOVA) based on sample size, data type, and hypothesis.

• (D) Establish the decision rule

  • Define the rejection region based on the chosen significance level and test statistic.

• (E) Perform computations and draw conclusions

  • Calculate the test statistic, compare it with the critical value, and make a decision to either reject H₀ or fail to reject H₀.

✅ Final Answer: B → A → C → D → E

✅ Correct Answer: A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

✅ Explanation: The correct matching between the theories and their respective propounders is as follows:

• A. Management Grid → II. Robert R. Blake: The Management Grid (or Leadership Grid) was developed by Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton to explore leadership styles based on concern for people and concern for production.

• B. Theory of Entrepreneurial Supply → I. Thomas Cochran: Thomas Cochran is credited with the development of the Theory of Entrepreneurial Supply, which discusses the factors influencing the supply of entrepreneurs in the economy.

• C. Theory of X vs Y → IV. Douglas McGregor: The Theory X and Theory Y was introduced by Douglas McGregor, highlighting two different managerial attitudes towards employees: Theory X (authoritarian, pessimistic) and Theory Y (participative, optimistic).

• D. ERG Theory → III. Clay Alderfer: Clay Alderfer proposed the ERG Theory, which is a modification of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, categorizing needs into Existence, Relatedness, and Growth.

✅ Final Answer: A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III.

✅ Correct Answer: Business strategy.

✅ Explanation: According to the passage, 76% of surveyed employees highlighted the direct influence of a well-defined business strategy in cultivating a positive culture. A well-defined strategy helps align organizational goals with employee values, creating a cohesive and productive work environment.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Workforce diversity: While important, the passage does not mention workforce diversity as the primary factor in cultivating a positive culture.

• Financial incentives: The passage does not emphasize financial incentives as a key driver of positive culture. Instead, it focuses on work culture aspects like leadership, business strategy, and mental well-being.

• Operational efficiency: The focus in the passage is on the broader aspects of organizational culture, such as business strategy and employee well-being, rather than solely on operational efficiency.

✅ Final Answer: Business strategy.

✅ Correct Answer: Johnson and Scholes

📘 Explanation:
PEST Analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis) is a framework used to analyze the external macro-environmental factors that can impact an organization. While the exact origins of the model are debated, it is widely attributed to Johnson and Scholes, who included it in their work on strategic management as part of understanding external influences on business.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Peter Drucker: Known as the “father of modern management,” Drucker focused on management practices and innovations but did not develop the PEST framework.

• Mintzberg: Known for his work on strategy formation and management roles, but he did not develop PEST Analysis.

• Michael Porters: Porter is famous for his Five Forces model and the Value Chain Analysis, but not for PEST Analysis.

✅ Final Answer: Johnson and Scholes

✅ Correct Answer: Peter F. Drucker

✅ Explanation:

The “Theory of Opportunities and Innovation” in entrepreneurship was propounded by Peter F. Drucker. He is widely recognized for his contributions to management theory and his work on entrepreneurship. Drucker emphasized that entrepreneurship is about identifying opportunities and using innovation to exploit them. According to him, innovation and entrepreneurial opportunities are the two main pillars that drive successful entrepreneurship.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Frank W. Young is not associated with the “Theory of Opportunities and Innovation” in entrepreneurship.

• Frank H. Knight is known for his work on uncertainty and risk in entrepreneurship, particularly his theory on the entrepreneur’s role in dealing with uncertainty, but not for the “Theory of Opportunities and Innovation.”

• Robert R. Blare is not a recognized figure in this context.

✅ Final Answer: Peter F. Drucker

🛑Note : We believe every discipline listed has contributed to the field of Organizational Behaviour; some to a greater extent and some to a lesser extent. Hence, the answer to the question is being justified based on the answer given by the exam authorities.

✅ Correct Answer: Economics

✅ Explanation: Organizational Behavior (OB) is an interdisciplinary field that draws from various disciplines to understand how individuals and groups act within organizations. While Psychology, Sociology, and Political Science have all contributed significantly to OB, Economics is not one of the primary contributors.

• Psychology: Focuses on individual behavior, cognition, motivation, and emotions in the workplace.

• Sociology: Contributes by examining group behavior, social interactions, and organizational culture.

• Political Science: Plays a role in understanding power dynamics, leadership, and governance within organizations.

However, Economics primarily deals with decision-making related to resource allocation, markets, and incentives, but it does not specifically address individual and group behavior within organizations in the same way as the other disciplines. While economics may intersect with OB in topics like compensation and motivation, it is not a primary discipline contributing to the core study of Organizational Behavior.

❌ Why the other options are unsuitable:

• Psychology, Sociology, and Political Science all contribute directly to understanding human behavior within organizations, which is at the heart of OB.

✅ Final Answer: Economics

✅ Correct Answer: A, B, C, D

📘 Explanation:

In the ASTEM framework for evaluating improvements through Kaizen, the key factors are:

1. A – Attitude : Change in the attitude of the Organization from a “Let It Go” to “Continuous Improvement”
2. S – Safety : Ensuring workplace safety by minimizing hazards, preventing accidents, and creating a secure working environment.
3. T – Productivity : Leveraging modern technology to enhance productivity, quality, and efficiency.
4. E – Energy Saving :  Optimizing energy use for cost-effectiveness and sustainability
5. M – Money Saving : Money saving is not the top priority in Kaizen, but it is a natural outcome of the continuous improvement process.

The above ordering should be followed where maximum importance is given to ‘change in attitude’ while only a reasonable focus is to be allotted for direct savings in terms of money.

✅ Final Answer: A, B, C, D

✅ Correct Answer: A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

✅ Explanation:
Here’s how each leader and company match up:

• A. Philip Knight: He is the co-founder of Nike, one of the largest and most famous sportswear companies in the world. Therefore, A matches with II (Nike).

• B. Niru Mehta: He is associated with Avaya Global Connect, a provider of business communication solutions. So, B matches with I (Avaya Global Connect).

• C. Jyoti Jeevan Naik: She is known for being a key figure in Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad, a women’s cooperative that produces papad (crisps) and other products. Thus, C matches with IV (Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad).

• D. Malvinder Singh: He was the CEO of Ranbaxy Labs, a pharmaceutical company. Therefore, D matches with III (Ranbaxy Labs).

✅ Final Answer: A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

✅ Correct Answer: Marine Insurance

🧾 Explanation:
Marine insurance is not a substantive document used directly in foreign trade transactions. It provides protection against risks during the transport of goods, but it does not serve as proof of the transaction or goods, unlike other documents listed.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Bill of Lading: This is a key document in foreign trade that serves as proof of shipment and receipt of goods.

• Bill of Exchange: A negotiable instrument used in international trade to demand payment for goods or services rendered.

• Certificate of Origin: A document that certifies the country where the goods were manufactured, often required by customs.

✅ Final Answer: Marine Insurance

✅ Correct Answer: Doers Intrapreneur

✅ Explanation:
Doers Intrapreneurs are task-oriented and dedicated to their work. They focus on executing tasks and ensuring that goals are met efficiently. These individuals excel at getting things done and are highly productive, often working diligently on the tasks at hand without necessarily seeking the spotlight.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Creator Intrapreneur and Employee Intrapreneur are not as task-oriented as Doers. They are more focused on ideas and innovation rather than execution.

• Implementers are similar to Doers but are more focused on applying creative ideas, whereas Doers excel in simply completing tasks effectively.

✅ Final Answer: Doers Intrapreneur

✅ Correct Answer: Jan-95

📚 Explanation:
India became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995. The WTO was established following the Uruguay Round of negotiations, and its formation led to the replacement of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) with a more comprehensive multilateral trade body.

✅ Final Answer: Jan-95

✅ Correct Answer: A, C, E only

📘 Explanation:

• A. Both the techniques use similar technology and same purpose:
  Both PERT and CPM are used for project scheduling and control, and they rely on similar techniques, such as the use of network diagrams to visualize project tasks and dependencies.

• C. PERT was developed and used in conjunction with planning and designing of the Polaris submarine system:
  This is true. PERT was specifically developed by the U.S. Navy for the Polaris submarine missile program in 1958.

• E. The use of PERT and CPM techniques is made in both planning and controlling of the project:
  Both techniques are indeed used in the planning and controlling phases of a project to schedule, monitor, and control project activities.

❌ Why other options are incorrect:

• B. Both the techniques were developed dependently of each other during 2005.
  PERT and CPM were developed in the late 1950s, not 2005.
  CPM was developed around 1957 and PERT was developed in 1958.
  
• D. PERT was developed by the Du Pont Company.
  PERT was specifically developed by the U.S. Navy for the Polaris submarine missile program.
  CPM was the method developed by DuPont for scheduling and managing chemical plant. projects.

✅ Final Answer: A, C, E only

✅ Correct Answer: A, C and E only

📚 Explanation:
Before entering an international market, businesses must consider several critical factors to ensure a successful market entry. These include:

• Economic factor (A): The economic environment of the target market, such as economic stability, income levels, currency exchange rates, and purchasing power, is crucial to understanding the market potential and feasibility.

• Social and cultural factor (C): Understanding the social and cultural norms, consumer preferences, and behavior in the target market is essential for designing products and marketing strategies that resonate with the local audience.

• Political and legal factor (E): The political stability, regulatory environment, trade laws, tariffs, and legal restrictions in the target market can significantly impact a business’s ability to operate internationally.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Brand extension factor (B): While brand extension can be part of a market entry strategy, it is not a primary factor to consider before entering a new market. It’s more relevant once a business is already established in the market and considering expanding its product range.

• Brand loyalty factor (D): Brand loyalty is important for maintaining customers once you’re in the market but isn’t a fundamental factor when first deciding whether or not to enter a market. It comes into play once you’ve gained a customer base.

✅ Final Answer: A, C and E only

✅ Correct Answer: A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

📘 Explanation:

1. Chi-Square Test — (IV) Test of goodness-of-fit

• Purpose: Used to test if there is a significant association between categorical variables or if the observed data fits an expected distribution.

• Example: Testing if the number of students choosing different subjects fits a uniform distribution.

2. Sign Test — (I) Compare two populations with matched pairs

• Purpose: A non-parametric test that compares two paired or matched samples by analyzing the direction of differences (positive or negative) instead of the magnitude.

• Example: Comparing the before-and-after results of a weight-loss program.

3. Kruskal-Wallis H Test — (II) Comparing populations with no distribution assumptions

• Purpose: A non-parametric alternative to one-way ANOVA, comparing three or more independent groups without assuming normal distribution.

• Example: Comparing exam scores of students from three different schools.

4. Mann-Whitney U Test — (III) Compare two independent population means

• Purpose: Tests whether two independent samples come from the same population by comparing their medians, often used when data is not normally distributed.

• Example: Comparing the effectiveness of two different medications.

✅ Final Answer: A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

✅ Correct Answer: 0.1804

📘 Explanation:

Given:

• $=2$ (Average number of customers per minute)

• k = 3 (Number of customers we want to find the probability for)

• e^−2 = 0.1353

✅ Final Answer: 0.1804

✅ Correct Answer: D, A, E, B, C

✅ Explanation: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is traditionally arranged from the most basic needs at the bottom to the highest needs at the top. When arranged in reverse order (from later to earlier), the needs would appear as follows:

• D. Need for self-actualization: This is at the top of Maslow’s pyramid, representing the need for personal growth, fulfillment, and realizing one’s full potential.

• A. Esteem Needs: These include the need for respect, recognition, self-esteem, and the feeling of accomplishment.

• E. Affiliation or Acceptance: This is the need for social connections, love, and acceptance from others.

• B. Security or Safety Needs: These include physical safety, financial security, health, and protection from harm.

• C. Physiological Needs: These are the most basic needs, including food, water, shelter, and basic bodily functions.

❌ Why the other option is incorrect:

• The order A, C, B, D, E does not reflect Maslow’s Hierarchy in reverse. It incorrectly places “Affiliation or Acceptance” after “Esteem Needs” and “Physiological Needs” before “Security or Safety Needs.”

✅ Final Answer: D, A, E, B, C

✅ Correct Answer: Frank William Taussing

🧾 Explanation:
Frank William Taussing is credited with being the first to use the term “Terms of Trade” in the context of economics. The term refers to the ratio at which one country’s goods trade for those of another, essentially describing the relative prices of exports and imports.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

• Adam Smith: While Adam Smith laid the foundations for classical economics and trade theory, he did not specifically coin the term “Terms of Trade.”

• Alfred Marshall: Alfred Marshall made significant contributions to microeconomic theory, but he did not introduce the term “Terms of Trade.”

• A.C. Pigou: A.C. Pigou is known for his work on welfare economics but not for coining the term “Terms of Trade.”

✅ Final Answer: Frank William Taussing